AD 01 Prisoner Searches (Policy.Administrative.AD 01 Prisoner Searches.WebHome)

1. Frisk Search (a.k.a., pat search): A search in which an officer rubs or pats the subject's body over his/her clothing to attempt to detect weapons or contraband. Only incidental contact with genital, anal, or female breast areas may result.

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1. Rub Search: A search, essentially the same as a frisk search, except that a rub search involves a more thorough and intensive search, and does include a careful manual search of the genital, anal, and breast areas over the prisoner's clothing.

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1. Strip Search: A search which involves the visual inspection of a disrobed subject. Strip searches are considered to be much more intrusive than rub searches and greater justification is required for strip searches. Visual inspection of a subject in undergarments may be considered a strip search.

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1. Visual Body Cavity Search: A strip search which includes a visual inspection of the anus and/or genital area. Generally, requires the subject to bend over and spread the cheeks of the buttocks, to squat, and/or to otherwise assume a posture which more fully exposes body cavity orifices. Some courts, in addition to finding visual body cavity searches to be more intrusive than strip searches, have found them to be particularly humiliating and dehumanizing.

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1. Digital Body Cavity Search: A search which involves the probing of the vagina and/or rectum using a gloved finger or other instrument to search for contraband.

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1. Detainee: A person kept under involuntary restraint who is not currently under arrest.

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1. Arrestee: A prisoner's status from the time of arrest until the time of correctional facility housing assignment.

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1. Inmate: A prisoner's status after being moved to a correctional facility housing assignment (including ICE detainees).

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1. Prisoner: A person deprived of liberty and kept under involuntary restraint, confinement, or custody; especially: one under arrest, awaiting trial, on trial, or serving a prison sentence.

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1. Exigent: A situation requiring immediate action, assistance, or resolution; something arising suddenly out of current events; pressing need or demand.

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1. Hermaphrodite: A person born with both male and female sex organs.

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1. Transsexual: A person who has undergone surgery and hormone injections to effect a change of gender.T

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1. Transvestite: A person who uses clothing, make-up, and/or other devices to appear to be of the opposite gender.

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1. Voluntary Waiver (of Sexual Privacy Rights): Actions taken willfully by a prisoner that may reduce the prisoner's sexual privacy rights. Persons may voluntarily waive individual rights. Inmates who voluntarily remove their own clothing or otherwise take actions which result in a loss of sexual privacy waive their right to privacy.

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**AD 01_102 __REFERENCES__**

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1. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Standards:

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11. 13.

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1. Utah Counties Insurance Pool:

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11. ML-V.A.2.

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1. Utah Sheriffs Association Jail Standards:

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11. C01.03.02: Receiving Female Inmates

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11. C03.03.01: Scope of Arrestee Searches

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11. C03.03.02: Reasonable Suspicion Not Required

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11. C03.03.05: Voluntary Waivers

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11. C03.03.06: Initial Search of Inmate

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11. C03.03.07: Follow-Up Search

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11. F03.01.01: Written Search Policies and Procedures Required

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11. F03.01.02: Content: Searches

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11. F03.02.01: Contraband Control

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11. F03.02.02: Reasonable Searches

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11. F03.03.01: Basis for Conducting Searches

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11. F03.03.02: Scope of Intrusion and Justification

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11. F03.03.03: Manner of Search

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11. F03.03.04: Rub Searches

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11. F03.03.05: Strip Searches

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11. F03.03.07: Digital Body Cavity Searches

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11. F03.03.08: Exigent Circumstances

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11. F03.03.09: Voluntary Exposure

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11. J05.03.03: Admission Searches of Work-Release Inmates

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11. N01.03.01: General

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11. N01.03.02: Female Inmates

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11. N02.01.01: Written Cross-Gender Searches and Supervision Policies and Procedures Required

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11. N02.01.02: Content: Cross-Gender Searches and Supervision

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11. N02.02.01: Frisk and Searches of Male Inmates

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11. N02.02.02: Strip Searches of Male Inmates

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11. N02.02.03: Male Searches of Female Inmates

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11. N02.02.04: Documentation of Searches

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**AD 01_103 __GENERAL__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Staff shall conduct only reasonable searches.

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11. The greater the scope of intrusion of a search, the greater must be the justification for conducting the search.

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11. Searches shall be conducted in a professional manner. Staff members, when conducting searches shall:

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111. Not make taunting, degrading, dehumanizing, or other inappropriate comments to prisoners;

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111. Provide an appropriate degree of privacy for intrusive searches or other searches which by their nature would tend to be exceptionally embarrassing or humiliating, if possible;

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111. Ensure adequate sanitation precautions, when possible; and

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111. Ensure that persons conducting searches have adequate training and authority to conduct the type of search involved.

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11. When force is necessary to enforce a lawful search only a reasonable amount of force shall be used.

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11. Searches shall be conducted routinely and randomly, with limitation as explained below.

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11. A search for safety concerns (i.e., frisk search) should include, at a minimum, a search for:

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111. Weapons;

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111. Any object that could be used as a weapon or to inflict harm.

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11. Any non-frisk search should include, at a minimum, a search for:

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111. Weapons;

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111. Drugs;

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111. Other contraband;

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111. Indications of medical problems;

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111. Past suicide attempts;

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111. Needle "tracks";

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111. Problems which might require staff intervention or follow-up.

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11. All searches more intrusive than a rub search shall be documented in the Spillman computer system and shall include:

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111. Date, time, and location of the search;

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111. The name of the individual searched;

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111. The name(s) of the officer(s) involved in the search;

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111. The type (scope of intrusion) of the search that was conducted;

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111. Information justifying a search more intrusive than a rub search; if applicable.

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11. All searches shall be conducted in a manner which reduces the risk of contamination or infection. Staff may be at risk of infection. Appropriate precautions should be taken.

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1. Rationale:

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11. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 14, of the Constitution of Utah prohibit "unreasonable searches and seizures.”

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11. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that courts must consider the scope of the particular intrusion and the justification for initiating it. Courts generally have been concerned about the humiliation, embarrassment, and dehumanizing aspects of highly intrusive searches; thus, requiring greater justification for intrusive searches.

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11. When staff perform searches in a professional manner, they improve the likelihood that challenged searches will be upheld. Conversely, unprofessional searches may result in otherwise proper searches being found to be in violation of prisoners' constitutional rights.

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11. Searches are a critical element of jail security and should be conducted as part of a set routine. Routine searches should be augmented with random searches to keep prisoners from being able to anticipate when searches will or will not occur. Prisoners have no expectation of privacy while incarcerated, and, thus, are not protected from aggressive search procedures. Searches are particularly vital when prisoners or others are capable of bringing contraband in from the outside, moving contraband from one location to another within the jail, or being prepared for transportation from the facility.

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**AD 01_104 __FRISK SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. A frisk search of a detainee may be performed at any time, at the officer's discretion.

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11. A frisk search should only be performed when the officer decides that there is a safety concern that could be addressed by the search.

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11. A frisk search should not be used to search arrestees or inmates (more thorough searches should be used instead).

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1. Rationale:

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11. A frisk search should be used on detainees in lieu of other types of searches in order to preserve the detainee's rights against unlawful searches.

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11. Because more intrusive searches are permitted and are more successful in detecting weapons and/or contraband, frisk searches should not be used on arrestees or inmates.

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**AD 01_105 __RUB SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. All prisoners shall be subject to rub searches at any time during their incarceration at PCF. Rub searches may be conducted on a routine, selective, or random basis.

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11. Unless a more intrusive search is justified, all prisoners (including detainees) shall be rub searched by PCF officers at admission to PCF.

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11. Routine rub searches may include, but are not limited to:

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111. Arrestees, by arresting officers at the time of arrest;

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111. Arrestees, by PCF staff at admission to PCF;

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111. Inmates returning to PCF from outside the secure areas of the jail;

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111. Inmates in an area of a scheduled shakedown or area search;

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111. Inmates leaving the secure area of the jail who are still in custody;

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111. Inmates moving between security zones in the jail (e.g., from one housing unit to another or from the kitchen to a housing unit).

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11. Rationale:

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111. The courts have recognized the importance of searching prisoners to maintain facility security. They consider rub searches as relatively unintrusive and permit their use on a virtually unlimited basis. Because rub searches involve a low degree of intrusion, no justification is required other than the incarceration of the prisoner. Privacy is not ordinarily a requirement for rub searches.

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**AD 01_106 __STRIP SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Strip searches shall be done in a manner which reasonably ensures that prisoners being searched are observed only by:

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111. Staff conducting or assisting with the search; and/or

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111. Staff working in the area.

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11. Strip searches may include:

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111. Arrestees at admission as detailed in the Initial Search section below (AD 01_109);

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111. Inmates returning to PCF from outside the secure areas of the jail;

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111. Inmates believed to be in possession of contraband;

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111. Inmates in an area of a scheduled shakedown or area search;

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111. Inmates leaving the secure area of the jail who are still in custody;

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111. Inmates moving between security zones in the jail (e.g., moving from one housing unit to another, moving from the kitchen to a housing unit, going to or returning from a non-barrier visit, etc.).

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111. Inmates being placed on punitive lockdown status;

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111. Inmates being placed on administrative segregation status;

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111. Inmates being placed on suicide watch status;

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11. Strip searches require reasonable suspicion for prisoners of “arrestee” status.

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11. Strip searches do not require reasonable suspicion for prisoners of “inmate” status.

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1. Rationale:

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11. Strip searches have been recognized by the courts for their importance in maintaining facility security; however, they have found strip searches to be highly intrusive. Because they are intrusive, the courts have previously held that arrestees cannot be subjected to strip searches unless there is individualized or reasonable suspicion that a prisoner has contraband. Reasonable suspicion may be assumed for prisoners whose charges, criminal histories, or current probation or parole status would reasonably be assumed to create a significant risk. The court's rationale in limiting strip searches for arrestees has been that persons who are not part of the criminal subculture and who are briefly in jail awaiting bond or recognizance release for minor offenses should not be required to endure the humiliation of the strip search, because they will likely be released within minutes or a very few hours and are not, therefore, a great risk to the security of the facility. The restriction on strip searches is relaxed after arrestees have exhausted their options to gain pretrial release and have become a part of the jail population.

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11. Strip searches are a necessary tool in protecting jail security and safety because:

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111. Prisoners are capable of hiding weapons, drugs, and other contraband on their bodies in ways that substantially reduce the likelihood that the hidden items will be found in a frisk or rub search; and

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111. Strip searches add a dimension to the search which permits visual examination of the subject in a manner which, if done competently, ensures that contraband hidden on the body will be found, and in some instances, may lead to discovery of contraband hidden in body cavities.

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**AD 01_107 __VISUAL BODY CAVITY SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Visual body cavity searches shall be done in a manner which reasonably ensures that prisoners being searched are observed only by:

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111. Staff conducting or assisting with the search; and/or

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111. Staff working in the area.

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11. Visual body cavity searches may include:

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111. Arrestees at admission as detailed in the Initial Search section below (AD 01_109);

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111. Inmates believed to be in possession of contraband;

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111. Inmates in an area of a scheduled shakedown or area search;

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111. Inmates leaving the secure area of the jail who are still in custody;

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111. Inmates moving between security zones in the jail (e.g., moving from one housing unit to another, moving from the kitchen to a housing unit, going to or returning from a non-barrier visit, etc.).

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11. Visual body cavity searches shall be conducted for inmates:

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111. Returning to PCF from outside the secure areas of the jail;

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111. Being placed on punitive lockdown status;

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111. Being placed on administrative segregation status;

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111. Being placed on suicide watch status;

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11. Visual body cavity searches require reasonable suspicion for prisoners of “arrestee” status.

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11. Visual body cavity searches do not require reasonable suspicion for prisoners of “inmate” status.

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1. Rationale:

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11. It is important to keep judicial concerns about the intrusiveness of visual body cavity searches in mind; however, the legal tests for strip searches and visual body cavity searches are essentially identical in most jurisdictions.

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**AD 01_108 __DIGITAL BODY CAVITY SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Digital body cavity searches shall be conducted in a private room and shall be done in a manner which reasonably ensures that prisoners being searched are observed only by staff conducting or assisting with the search.

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11. Digital body cavity searches may be used when jail officers have a reasonable suspicion that a prisoner has drugs or other contraband hidden in the rectum or vagina.

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11. Digital body-cavity searches shall be:

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111. Conducted by medical personnel;

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111. Done in a manner which reasonably ensures that prisoners being searched are observed only by staff conducting or assisting with the search.

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11. Approval from the Corrections Chief Deputy should be obtained prior to a digital body cavity search being performed.

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11. A valid search warrant should be obtained prior to performing a digital body cavity search.

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1. Rationale:

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11. The courts have recognized the importance of searching prisoners to maintain facility security; however, they have found digital body cavity searches to be the most intrusive and demeaning type of search. Because of the degree of intrusiveness involved, the courts will evaluate digital body cavity searches very carefully. Digital searches remain a viable search option, because:

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111. The use of body cavities by prisoners to hide or transport contraband is not uncommon among persons who are handled by corrections officials;

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111. While visual body cavity searches may on occasion detect indications that contraband is hidden in a body-cavity (e.g., the end of a balloon or condom protruding from the anus), in most instances the detection of contraband in a body cavity will only be possible with a digital search;

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111. When prisoners become aware that digital searches are infrequently used, they quickly learn to hide contraband in the rectum and/or vagina;

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111. Digital searches often result in discoveries of hidden contraband; and

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111. Use of digital searches increases the risk of being detected for prisoners who violate contraband regulations and may deter some of the prohibited activity.

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11. Although not a legal requirement, obtaining a valid search warrant prior to conducting a digital body cavity search may assist with the defense of a potential related lawsuit.

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**AD 01_109 __INITIAL SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. All arrestees entering the jail shall receive an initial search by PCF staff. The initial search shall be a rub search, unless a more intrusive search is required because there is:

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111. Reasonable suspicion that the arrestee is in possession of criminal evidence, a weapon, or other item of contraband which would present an immediate threat to the safety or security of the facility; or

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111. Reason to believe that the arrestee may have medical, mental health, or suicide-related problems which indicate the need for the more intrusive search.

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11. Arrestees brought to the jail should not be strip or visual body cavity searched absent an individualized determination of reasonable suspicion to believe that the arrestee is in possession of:

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111. A weapon;

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111. A controlled substance;

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111. Criminal evidence; or

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111. Other contraband which:

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1111. Would present a threat to the safety of staff or other persons in the jail;

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1111. Would present a threat to the security of the facility;

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1111. Has a health condition requiring immediate medical intervention, and a more intrusive search is required to confirm the information.

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11. Individualized suspicion shall not be required to justify a strip search or visual body cavity search if the arrestee is received:

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111. Under sentence from a court;

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111. As an in-transit hold;

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111. As a transfer from another corrections facility or corrections agency; or

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111. For violation of probation or parole.

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1. Rationale:

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11. The purpose of the initial search is to subject all arrestees who enter the jail to a quick check for weapons, drugs, and other contraband to provide a reasonable margin of safety during the booking process by disarming arrestees and detecting more easily discoverable items of contraband which could present an immediate threat to the safety and security of the jail. Jails have strong security and safety interests in searching arrestees entering the facility. A lawful arrest establishes the authority to search. Strip searches may also be justified where there is reason to believe that an arrestee has mental health problems or is concealing evidence of medical problems or past suicide attempts. The need to protect the arrestee from himself and to protect others from infectious illness justifies a more intrusive search. A blanket strip search policy for all arrestees received for admission may not survive constitutional challenge. Rub searches should ordinarily be sufficient to meet the requirements of the initial search. More intrusive admission searches are justified if there is reasonable suspicion that the arrestee possesses contraband which might jeopardize the safety or security of the jail. A more complete search can be done at the conclusion of the booking process if the inmate is not released after booking.

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11. The reasonable suspicion standard for intrusive searches is a clearly established constitutional requirement.

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11. Court decisions requiring reasonable suspicion before conducting intrusive searches during the admissions process apply only to pretrial arrestees being booked for nonviolent misdemeanors.

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**AD 01_110 __FOLLOW-UP SEARCH__**

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1. Policy:

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11. If a prisoner has exhausted efforts to make bail or obtain other pre-arraignment release and must be moved into the jail population, a more thorough search may then be provided. A strip search or visual body cavity search may be conducted at this stage. However, prisoners shall not be transitioned from arrestee status for the purpose of conducting a strip search or visual body cavity search.

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11. Justification for a follow-up search more intrusive than a rub search must follow the guidelines of that type of search as specified in other sections of this policy.

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11. Prisoners shall maintain arrestee status if it is likely that the prisoner may attain bail or release within four hours. Four hours is an administrative guideline, not a legal requirement:

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111. A longer period of time may be granted if there is a high probability that an imminent release may be attained and there is space in the admissions holding cells.

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111. A shorter period of time may be justified if the likelihood of an imminent release is remote and the admissions holding cells are crowded.

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1. Rationale:

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11. Arrestees should not be moved from the admissions area until reasonable efforts to secure a bail release have been exhausted. When the prisoner is moved to the general population, more thorough and intrusive searches are justified because moving a prisoner into the general population who has not been thoroughly searched increases the potential for introduction of weapons, drugs, or other dangerous contraband into the general population; jeopardizing the safety of staff, the safety of other inmates, and the security of the facility.

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**AD 01_111 __EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Exigent circumstances may justify a search which under normal conditions would not ordinarily justify the search or level of intrusiveness of the search.

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1. Rationale:

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11. Emergencies and other circumstances which require immediate action to meet safety or security needs create an exception to the limits on searches.

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**AD 01_112 __CROSS GENDER__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Female staff may rub search male prisoners in the normal course of duty;

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11. Female staff may strip search or visual body cavity search male prisoners when:

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111. Unintentional and the prisoner's actions amount to a voluntary waiver of sexual privacy interests; or

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111. Demanded by exigent circumstances; and

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111. A male deputy or trained male staff member is not available to complete the search; and

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111. Waiting for the availability of a male deputy or trained male staff member would place the safety of persons or the security of the facility at significant risk (In most cases where a male staff member is not available to search a male prisoner, the prisoner should be isolated in a cell until a male staff member is available to complete the search.).

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11. Male staff shall not search female prisoners unless:

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111. Unintentional and the prisoner's actions amount to a voluntary waiver of sexual privacy interests; or

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111. The female prisoner refuses to submit to a lawful search and/or is aggressive, fighting, physically resisting the search, and acting in a manner that creates reasonable cause to believe that the search cannot be completed without assistance from male officers; or

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111. Demanded by exigent circumstances; and

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111. A female deputy or trained female staff member is not available to complete the search; and

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111. Waiting for the availability of a female deputy or trained female staff member would place the safety of persons or the security of the facility at significant risk (In most cases where a female staff member is not available to search a female prisoner, the prisoner should be isolated in a cell until a female staff member is available to complete the search.).

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111. Refer to “Inmate Surveillance and Supervision” policy (CC 08).

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1. Rationale:

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11. Because Title VII prohibits gender-based employment discrimination and more than 90 percent of all prisoners are male, women must be permitted to conduct as many of the duties of corrections officers as possible. As a general rule, cross-gender searches by female officers have been upheld by the courts. The courts have differed on the scope or level of intrusion. Some have permitted female officers the same latitude as granted to male officers searching male prisoners. Other courts have been more cautious. Limiting female participation in searches:

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111. Places a disproportionate work load and burden on male staff members;

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111. Restricts female officers from the opportunity of gaining the work experience which is necessary to compete for promotion and assignments;

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111. May reduce safety or security by limiting the number of expeditious and random searches of prisoners conducted by jail staff.

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111. The requirements of Title VII which justify cross-gender searches by female staff, do not justify males searching female prisoners. Only under very limited exigent circumstances or where a female prisoner intentionally removes her own clothing or otherwise acts in a manner which amounts to a voluntary waiver of sexual privacy interests are male officers justified in participating in searches of female prisoners.

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11. Refer to “Inmate Surveillance and Supervision” policy (CC 08).

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**AD 01_113 __MIXED GENDER__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Hermaphrodites shall be searched by the gender that is most predominate in the prisoner to be searched, as determined by the on-duty supervisor.

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11. Transsexuals shall be searched by the gender that is the prisoner's current gender.

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11. Transvestites shall be searched by the gender that is the prisoner's current gender, whether or not the prisoner appears to be the opposite gender.

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1. Rationale

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11. Mixed gender situations can be confusing to staff who need to complete prisoner searches. Some situations may need to be deferred to the best judgment of the individuals conducting the searches.

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**AD 01_114 __UNKNOWN GENDER__**

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1. Policy:

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11. In the event that the gender of a prisoner is in question, the prisoner shall be strip searched by the prisoner-claimed gender for verification. If the prisoner refuses to comply and does not claim a specific gender, the prisoner shall be strip searched by the gender that most predominately appears to be the gender of the prisoner, as determined by the on-duty supervisor.

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1. Rationale:

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11. Erroneously housing a prisoner with a population of the opposite gender could result in a multitude of problems and/or liability issues.

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**AD 01_115 __VOLUNTARY EXPOSURE__**

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1. Policy:

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11. Voluntary exposure occurs when, during searches or other activities, a prisoner on his/her own initiative disrobes exposing his/her private parts to visual observation of staff. Such prisoner actions should be considered to be a voluntary exposure and a voluntary waiver of the prisoner's privacy.

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11. When a prisoner voluntarily displays private areas or fails to take advantage of procedures designed to protect sexual privacy, staff members may proceed with the performance of their duties and the prisoner will be deemed as having waived sexual privacy interests.

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11. Voluntary exposures should be documented in the jail computer system.

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1. Rationale:

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11. Persons may voluntarily waive individual rights. Prisoners who voluntarily remove their own clothing or otherwise take actions which result in a loss of sexual privacy, waive their right to privacy. Visual observation of unclothed prisoners may be unavoidable when there is a voluntary waiver of sexual privacy rights.

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11. It is not uncommon for prisoners to disrobe in front of staff as an act of defiance or intimidation. Such actions may also be due to intoxication, drug use, or mental disorder. Prisoners may also intentionally disrobe in an attempt to prevent staff members of the opposite gender from being able to perform duties in the proximity of the disrobed prisoner.

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